考研英语翻译—2021-03-04-简书(考研英语翻译人名可以照抄吗)

? ? ? ? many americas regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on accou

nt of race, religion, sex or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the laws. the jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy. in a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them.
? ? ? ? 许多美国人将陪审团准则当作重要的民主价值观的具体体现方法，这项准则包括了以下原则，即：一切满足最小年纪和最低文明程度需求的人都具有可以在陪审团任职的平等资历；陪审团成员大约从社会各阶层中随机选择；任何公民在陪审团任职的责任都不能因为他的种族、宗教、性别或是民族而被回绝；被告有权力被方位与他们恰当的人具体询问；断定的成果不能只体现法令规则的字面意义，一起也要体现社会的良知。陪审团也被称为是直接民主而不代议制民主最佳的现存实例。在直接民主的体系中，公民轮流打点自个，而不是选出代表来为他们打点。
? ? ? ? but as recently as in 1968, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. in some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. although the supreme court of the united states had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of strauder v. west virginia, the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.
? ? ? ? 可是直到1968年，陪审团的甄选程序照常与这些民主办念相敌对。比方在有些州，承担陪审团责任的，仅限于那些被认为具有高智商、杰出教育和道德质量的人。尽管早在1880年，在strauder诉西弗吉尼亚州的案子上，美国最高法院就阻止在陪审团成员甄选中存在故意的种族轻视，可是选择那些所谓的高手或许蓝领陪审员的做法仍然为绕过那些反轻视规则供给了一条快捷的途径。
? ? ? ? the system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century. although women first served on state juries in utah in 1898, it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list. this practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.
? ? ? ? 直到20世纪中期，在陪审团成员中需守时包括女人成员方面，这项准则相同是失利的。尽管在1898年的犹他州，女人就初度在州陪审团上担任陪审员，可是直到20世纪40年代，大大都的州才使得女人有承担陪审团成员责任的资历。但即便这样，有些州照常会主动将女人从承担陪审团责任的人选中除去，除非她们亲自需求将她们的名字参加到陪审团的名单中。因为声称家庭需要女人，所以这样的做法被认为是合理，这就致使了整个20世纪60年代陪审团都无法代表女人。
? ? ? ? in 1968, the congress of the united states passed the jury selection and service act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury. this law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community. in the landmark 1975 decision taylor v. louisiana, the supreme court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level. the taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.
? ? ? ? 到了1968年，美国国会经过了《陪审团甄选和效能法案》，翻开了陪审团民主变革的新纪元。这项法令扔掉了对联邦陪审员特另外教育需求，并需求联邦陪审员需要从全社会的各个阶层中随机选出。1975年，在具有旅程碑意义的taylor?诉路易斯安那州的判决上，最高法院将陪审团需要代表社会各阶层的需求拓宽到了州的等级。taylor案的判决也一起声明晰陪审团甄选中呈现的性别轻视是违背宪法的，并需求各州运用相同的程序来甄选男性和女人陪审员。